About Constanta

Constanta is one of my old attested cities in Romania. The first documentary attestation of the duke province of 657 BC. when a Greek colony called Tomis was formed on the site of the current peninsula (and right under today's waters, next to the Casino). The town was conquered by the Romans in 71 BC. and renamed Constantiana after the sister of Emperor Constantine the Great. During the 13th century, the great sea (as it was then called the Black Sea) was dominated by Italian merchants from Genoa who also helped to develop the city. Later, Constanta suffered a decline under Ottoman rule, becoming a simple village inhabited by Greek fishermen and Tatar breeders of horses and sheep. The town became a town from the Cernavoda-Constanța railway and the port built in 1865, for the export of Romanian grain. After the war of independence (1877-1878), when Dobrogea became part of Romania, Constanța is the main port of the state.

Economy contribution

In the 2021 Census, Constanța County had a population of 655,997 people, making it the most urbanise county of all Romania's counties. This is also the 5th out of 42 counties in terms of GDP contribution, with 21.73 billion lei coming from Constanța County. The county is in the extreme SE of Romania. Its county seat is at the municipality of Constanța.

Geographical position

From the north it is along a conventional line separating it from Tulcea county which winds between the Danube and Black Sea., crossing the Casimcei Plateau and then sweeps away into an area covering Razim Sea all the way to Zmeica and Sinoe harbors. There's also a Romanian-Bulgarian state boundary that falls across Southern Romania (Dobrogea Plateau).

It starts at Ostrov (to the west) and ends in Vama Veche (to the east). Constanța County's western border is formed by the Danube River, separating it from Călărași, Ialomița and Brăila counties; while a high bank runs along the eastern edge (Dobrogea). Although a few minor harbors are found

From Shoreside to sea, 12 miles go out into our Black Matters Territory (ie! Romanian territorial waters in accordance with International Conventions) and it passed the World Bank's Institutional Support Project In the nation are there 7,071.29km to 2.97% of its area with Constanța ranking 8th in size among Romania's counties. In terms of population, however, it is 5th largest county population-wise.

Constanta casino - 

Business environment- micro and macro factors for tourism

The county of Constanta is situated in southeastern Romania. Its total area is 7,071 square kilometers (accounting for 3% of the total surface area of the country) and it ranks eighth among counties in terms of land area. In December, 2000 the administrative organization of this county was as follows: 8 cities and 3 municipalities ( ) 54 market towns and 189 village communities. The county's capital and principal town is Constanta-In contemporary times as in antiquity

The Constanta county borders Tulcea to its north, the Black Sea on its east, Bulgaria at its south end, and shares a boundary with Calarasi and Ialomita counties from West to East formed by the Danube River-the county's landform is essentially one of high elevation plateaus (the Dobrogea Plateau). The eastern part of the county is a coast of the Black Sea, which has been largely exploited from the standpoint tourist attractions

Its average annual temperature is 10C to 11C. Rainfall is below the national average, and the sea exerts an influence on climate there for 10 to 20 kilometers inland. The Black Sea

Specific to this county are the natural meadow lakes, seashell deposits, salt lakes and lagoons which are hidiy away from the sea (Oltina, Sinoe, Tasaul, Techirghiol and Mangalia). Techirghiol Lagoon

The soil is mainly chernozems, which are characteristic of the Dobrougea steppe lands (carbonate,,,,,,,, brown chernozems... far less frequent are chocolate chernozems and levigated chernozems). Forest is scarce and has a mainly low-productivity wood mass

The county features many vestiges of historical interest dating back to the seventh century BC, when the Greeks founded a number of colonies here (Histria, now called Istria, Callatis, now Mangalia, and Tomis, the modern Constanta). And so until the 1st century BC, when the territory came under Roman domination, it was traversed by migrating peoples and disturbed by wars.

The name "Dobroudja", according to historical documents, is derived from a Byzantine despot named Dobrotici, who lived in the 1400s. The land he ruled was named Dobrugieli, Dobrugi, i.e. Dobroudja. As for the name "Constanta", it may come from the word Constantziana, a name coined in the 402 A.D. and passed down into history by Middle Age Genoese Techirghiol columns which are currently on display at theprovincial museum in Constanta.

As a result of the valiant battles fought by the Romanian Army in the war of 1877-1878, this country became free, independent and sovereign, while the Romanian nation was able to be united once more with Dobroudja. This marked a second phase in unification of Romania.

The county contains a portion of the "Danube Delta" Nature Reserve

          Economy

Industry, agriculture, the development of transport, and tourism set up the county's economy. The distribution of companies is the industrial area situated at the axis of Constanta-Navodari, on one hand, and the area founded in Constanta-Medgidia-Cernavoda, on the other. In 2000 there were 13.479 active companies. Of this number 98% had mainly private capital. As their principal activities, industry accounted for 10.1% of these figures, while services represented 81%.

The industrial setup of Constanta county is found mostly in four towns: Constanta, Navodari, Medgidia, and Cernavoda. The main lines of production are nuclear power, chemistry and petrochemistry, the exploitation and processing of oil, food and beverage processing, ship-building and repairing, cement and asbestos-producing.A well-developed transport network serves the county. Through geographical location, all types of transport are available, maritime navigation, railway, roads and air navigation. The Constanta harbour has a special role in the county's economy. It is situated on the western coast of the Black Sea, 182 marine miles from the Bosphorus and 85 sea miles from the end of Sulina branch through which the Danube river enters the sea.

Also beneficial for maritime traffic is the Danube-Black Sea Canal, and Constanta is in effect connected to the North Sea. The traffic through this link reached 11.3 % in the year 2000, 8.4% up on 1996.

The county's railway network serves as a link between Constanta Harbour and the rest of the country. At the end of 2000, the county railway network totalled 401 km, which included 129 km electric traction lines. The density of railway lines was 56.7 km per 1000 km2 territory, which was higher than the national average (46,2 km/1000 km2). Within the county, the road network does a two-way job: it serves passengers and transport of goods and it links our county with the rest of the country and with other countries. The length of public roads made up 2308 km including 507 km of modernised roads. The whole public roads there featured 466 km of national roads, 1842 km of county and commune paths.

Air transport operates through the Mihail Kogalniceanu international airport, located at 24 km from the city of Constanta, and has flights to other national and international airports.

The Romanian coast of the Black Sea is a resort area of great interest. Currently there are 13 resorts from Navodari to Mangalia. Resorts such as Mamaia, Eforie, Techirghiol, Costinesti, Olimp, Neptun, Cap Aurora, Jupiter, Saturn, and Mangalia are famous. When the tourist accommodation capacity, as of July 31st 2000, was added together, it exceeded 122.598 places, with 73.358 in hotels, 6026 in villas, 19.103 in encampments, 10.328 in student camps, 4093 in cabins, 5028 in beach cabins, 3741 in treatment hotels, 765 guest houses, 88 motels and 38 positions on passenger boats. At that time, the tourist accommodation capacity in the county of Constanta was 43.8% of the national total capacity.

Population and social environment

As of 1 July 2000, the countys population was 746,041, a 0.14 percent drop from the 94,200 national average.

In 2000, the population density of the county stood at 105.5 inhabitants per km2, just above national average.

The young population (0-24 years) had a share of 35.2 percent in 2000, which was above the national average and up on 1996 (37.8%); that of 65 years and over has a share 9.9 as compared with the national average 13.3 in 1996 (8.6%); and is therefore increasingly older.

The average age of the countys inhabitants last year was 35.7 less than national average by 1.5 years.

The birth rate in 2000 was 10.3 per 1,000 persons a rise from 1996 (9.5 per 1,000 persons), but still below the national average. An overall mortality rate of 9.6 per 1,000 persons in 2000 meant that natural increase wasn't so much as a part-time job: it was negative 0.7 people per 1,000. Infant mortality stood at 22.3 deaths of infants under one year age per 1,000 live births, 19.9% above the national average figure (18.6 per 1,000 live births).

In 2000, the marriage rate was 6.3 per 1000 people (down from 6.8 per 1,000 people in 1996) and the divorce rate was 1.69 per 1000 people (up from 1.13 per 1,000 people in 1996).

For example, life expectancy in 1998-2000 was 65.2 years for men and 72.7 years for women, both of which fell short of national averages for male female alike.

The number of civil employees, as of the end of 2000, was 275.6 thousand. Constanta county accounts for 3.2% as a whole of the country's total number of employees. Of those working, 54. (7%) are male and 45. (3%) female. The number of all employees numbered 165.2 thousand (59. (9%) active population), comprising 93. (8%) males and 71. (4%) females. At 2,414. 7 RON a month, the average net income for employees overshadows both the southeastern regional average, by 11.3%, and the national one, by 12.9%.

According to information available for the end of 2000, distribution by sector of civil unionized workers: 34.7% agriculture, 23.7% industry and construction, and 41.6% services.

At the end of 2000, there were 30.5 thousand registered jobless: Of these, 58.2% were women. As of December 31,ch the unemployment rate 2000 closing out the year was 10. 0% compared with 5. 7% at the same time 1996.

There are 555 schools in the county, including 254 kindergartens, 235 Primary and secondary schools, 54 science technology centers and 6 universities.

Medical care 11 hospital sanatoriums 14 first-aid stations 26 outpatient clinics

Covid impact over the hospitality in Constanta.

SARS-COV-2 virus development at a time when the global tourism industry is still in the process of moving towards sustainable and socially responsible travel.

Guidelines set by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2005) focus mainly on satisfying commercial enterprises ' economic and social demands, maintaining environmental health and benefitting local peoples' welfare. The programs, however, are not comprehensive enough to direct hotels and airlines through such an event as a global pandemic. The programs contain aspects of harmony among people in the tourism industry but lacked a sufficiently high level of military readiness to be equal to a pandemic situation.

Gossling (2005) says that the transmission and spread of disease affects both constantly narrowing the scope of tourism enterprises and in terms of environmental impacts. After the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2020) forecast a drop in arrivals for the year 2020 of probably about 20-30% relative to 2019, with a cash and carry value of around 40 billion dollars. In Romania, the decline compared to 2019 was at 52.16% in terms of tourist arrivals, an element that led to obvious negative effects for companies in the field, the employees, but also small producers dependent on other businesses involved in selling gifts, souvenirs, sports, culinary activities, etc. Thus a particular period arrived when tourism operations stopped functioning (Kliger et al., 2020) and the studies set off from this went in two directions, whether this signified the end of tourism in its present form or a rediscovery of tourism. During the pandemic, the responsibility to preserve the health of the population but at the same time to ensure that jobs are not lost, was special including as elements of cooperation or solidarity. It was within the grasp of all actors in the field to see that developed policy did not brings in programs for such a situation.

The forecast by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2020) that the tourism sector can pick up again in the middle of 2020 has not come to pass, and by now we can refer to the case of Romania where, if taken as a yardstick the level of tourist arrivals in areas frequented by tourists, we are seeing 30% less in 2021 compared with 2019 (National Institute of Statistics, TEMPO_TUR104C_18_1_2023). Besides, according to the reports of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2020) around the world before the pandemic began, for instance the tourism industry supplied $1.5 billion through air travel,10% of the global GDP, and was responsible for 334 million staff. In 2020, the tourism volume fell 49.1% compared with 2019, while in terms of the worldwide Gross Domestic Product there was an obviously smaller share--5.5% instead of ten percent as recorded before the onset of the pandemic.

The research questions underlying the elaboration of the paper are related to the behaviour of tourism supply and demand in Romania's tourist destinations during the pandemic--compared obviously with previous periods--as well as what happens once restrictions are lifted.

Ethnicity.

The most important ethnic group is Romanian(90%), but there are also Turkish (3.3) Tartar (3.1) and Roma (2.7). There are also a mixture of Greek, Bulgarian and Jewish.

Direct competitors for Constanta.

The Competitors for Constanta city hospitality sector are:

From Bulgaria:

Balcic - is the most closest city with the Romanian border and is one of the most important city from the Bulgarian seaside. This is famous for ''The Queen Maria Castle''.

Varna - The most biggest city from the Bulgarian coast. Famous for '' Holly Merry Cathedral''.

Nessebar - One of the richest old city from point of historical and cultural.

 From Turkey:

Antalya - Is the most beautiful and well presented city coast from Turkey. The fact that they combine mountains with the seaside from Black Sea.

Bodrum - One of the most beautiful city's from the Mediterranean coast.